Egocentrism Over E-Mail: Can We Communicate as Well as We Think?
Kruger, Epley, Parker & Ng (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(6)
We use this paper in 2 places in the academy · 2 stated limits
What the study found
In five experiments, people overestimated how well their tone (sarcasm, seriousness or humour) would be understood in an email. They were confident of being understood much more often than they actually were.
What the study cannot prove
The study used email in 2005, not messaging apps. What still applies is the cause: you hear your own tone and assume the reader hears it too.
The study used email in 2005, not messaging apps. The cause still applies. The exact figures may not.
Where we use it
We use this paper in 2 places in the academy. If the paper turned out to be wrong, we would have to change everything in this list.
In the topics · 1
Other papers used in the same places
These papers are used in the same topics and videos as this one. That does not mean the papers agree with each other. It only means that the same exercises use both.
If You Need Help, Just Ask: Underestimating Compliance With Direct Requests for Help
Flynn & Lake (2008)The Humanizing Voice: Speech Reveals, and Text Conceals, a More Thoughtful Mind in the Midst of Disagreement
Schroeder, Kardas & Epley (2017)Beautiful Mess Effect: Self–Other Differences in Evaluation of Showing Vulnerability
Bruk, Scholl & Bless (2018)It Doesn't Hurt to Ask: Question-Asking Increases Liking
Huang, Yeomans, Brooks, Minson & Gino (2017)Duration Neglect in Retrospective Evaluations of Affective Episodes; When More Pain Is Preferred to Less
Fredrickson & Kahneman (1993); Kahneman, Fredrickson, Schreiber & Redelmeier (1993)Research
A real study. We tell you what it found, how many people were in it, and what it can't prove.
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